When implementing an API need to protect its endpoints in each request. So you need to authenticate them.
PassportJS is authentication middleware for Node.js.It is extremely flexible and modular, and designed to serve a purpoose: authenticate requests. It can be unobtrusively dropped in to any Express-based web application.
Passport recognizes that each application has unique authentication requirements. Authentication mechanisms, known as strategies, are packaged as individual modules. Applications can choose which strategies to employ, without creating unnecessary dependencies.
Basic & Digest
Along with defining HTTP’s authentication framework, RFC 2617 also defined the Basic and Digest authentications schemes. These two schemes both use usernames and passwords as credentials to authenticate users, and are often used to protect API endpoints.
It should be noted that relying on username and password creditials can have adverse security impacts, especially in scenarios where there is not a high degree of trust between the server and client. In these situations, it is recommended to use an authorization framework such as OAuth 2.0.
In this post I’ll explain how to implement the Digest scheme.
I presume Node.JS is installed on your system. You also need Express:
$ npm install expressand
Passportjs:
$ npm install passportand its basic and digest strategies:
$ npm install passport-httpThe source is hosted at github: https://github.com/leolanchas/http-digest-passport-js and you can run it at c9.io: https://c9.io/leolanchas/http-digest-passport-js
The first file works only to test in localhost (no need to use it at c9 or in a real server) because the domain of the request cannot be null. So if you clone the repo from github, the first thing you need to do is:
$ node Server.jsAnd then on your browser you must go to “localhost:2563” It will just serve you Httpdigest.html (where you only have to click the button.).
‘Server.js’
var express = require('express'); var app = express(); app.all('/', function(req, res) { res.sendfile('digest.html'); } ); app.listen(2563);
It’s a simple html file that displays a button that calls the HttpDigest function.
IMPORTANT: for simplicity, I’ve omitted the token generation. This token should be generated via sdk and also be different in each call. Otherwise, it can be easily intercepted.
The process consists basically of 2 http requests as detailed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digest_access_authentication
You can ignore the first part of the script. It is the md5 algorithm compressed.
‘HttpDigest.html’
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <style> body { font-family: consolas} table { border-collapse:collapse; } table, td, th { border:1px solid black;} td.H { text-align: center; } </style> <script src="http://code.jquery.com/jquery-latest.js"></script> <script> var hexcase=0;var b64pad="";function hex_md5(a){return rstr2hex(rstr_md5(str2rstr_utf8(a)))}function b64_md5(a){return rstr2b64(rstr_md5(str2rstr_utf8(a)))}function any_md5(a,b){return rstr2any(rstr_md5(str2rstr_utf8(a)),b)}function hex_hmac_md5(a,b){return rstr2hex(rstr_hmac_md5(str2rstr_utf8(a),str2rstr_utf8(b)))}function b64_hmac_md5(a,b){return rstr2b64(rstr_hmac_md5(str2rstr_utf8(a),str2rstr_utf8(b)))}function any_hmac_md5(a,c,b){return rstr2any(rstr_hmac_md5(str2rstr_utf8(a),str2rstr_utf8(c)),b)}function md5_vm_test(){return hex_md5("abc").toLowerCase()=="900150983cd24fb0d6963f7d28e17f72"}function rstr_md5(a){return binl2rstr(binl_md5(rstr2binl(a),a.length*8))}function rstr_hmac_md5(c,f){var e=rstr2binl(c);if(e.length>16){e=binl_md5(e,c.length*8)}var a=Array(16),d=Array(16);for(var b=0;b<16;b++){a[b]=e[b]^909522486;d[b]=e[b]^1549556828}var g=binl_md5(a.concat(rstr2binl(f)),512+f.length*8);return binl2rstr(binl_md5(d.concat(g),512+128))}function rstr2hex(c){try{hexcase}catch(g){hexcase=0}var f=hexcase?"0123456789ABCDEF":"0123456789abcdef";var b="";var a;for(var d=0;d<c.length;d++){a=c.charCodeAt(d);b+=f.charAt((a>>>4)&15)+f.charAt(a&15)}return b}function rstr2b64(c){try{b64pad}catch(h){b64pad=""}var g="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";var b="";var a=c.length;for(var f=0;f<a;f+=3){var k=(c.charCodeAt(f)<<16)|(f+1<a?c.charCodeAt(f+1)<<8:0)|(f+2<a?c.charCodeAt(f+2):0);for(var d=0;d<4;d++){if(f*8+d*6>c.length*8){b+=b64pad}else{b+=g.charAt((k>>>6*(3-d))&63)}}}return b}function rstr2any(m,c){var b=c.length;var l,f,a,n,e;var k=Array(Math.ceil(m.length/2));for(l=0;l<k.length;l++){k[l]=(m.charCodeAt(l*2)<<8)|m.charCodeAt(l*2+1)}var h=Math.ceil(m.length*8/(Math.log(c.length)/Math.log(2)));var g=Array(h);for(f=0;f<h;f++){e=Array();n=0;for(l=0;l<k.length;l++){n=(n<<16)+k[l];a=Math.floor(n/b);n-=a*b;if(e.length>0||a>0){e[e.length]=a}}g[f]=n;k=e}var d="";for(l=g.length-1;l>=0;l--){d+=c.charAt(g[l])}return d}function str2rstr_utf8(c){var b="";var d=-1;var a,e;while(++d<c.length){a=c.charCodeAt(d);e=d+1<c.length?c.charCodeAt(d+1):0;if(55296<=a&&a<=56319&&56320<=e&&e<=57343){a=65536+((a&1023)<<10)+(e&1023);d++}if(a<=127){b+=String.fromCharCode(a)}else{if(a<=2047){b+=String.fromCharCode(192|((a>>>6)&31),128|(a&63))}else{if(a<=65535){b+=String.fromCharCode(224|((a>>>12)&15),128|((a>>>6)&63),128|(a&63))}else{if(a<=2097151){b+=String.fromCharCode(240|((a>>>18)&7),128|((a>>>12)&63),128|((a>>>6)&63),128|(a&63))}}}}}return b}function str2rstr_utf16le(b){var a="";for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){a+=String.fromCharCode(b.charCodeAt(c)&255,(b.charCodeAt(c)>>>8)&255)}return a}function str2rstr_utf16be(b){var a="";for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){a+=String.fromCharCode((b.charCodeAt(c)>>>8)&255,b.charCodeAt(c)&255)}return a}function rstr2binl(b){var a=Array(b.length>>2);for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){a[c]=0}for(var c=0;c<b.length*8;c+=8){a[c>>5]|=(b.charCodeAt(c/8)&255)<<(c%32)}return a}function binl2rstr(b){var a="";for(var c=0;c<b.length*32;c+=8){a+=String.fromCharCode((b[c>>5]>>>(c%32))&255)}return a}function binl_md5(p,k){p[k>>5]|=128<<((k)%32);p[(((k+64)>>>9)<<4)+14]=k;var o=1732584193;var n=-271733879;var m=-1732584194;var l=271733878;for(var g=0;g<p.length;g+=16){var j=o;var h=n;var f=m;var e=l;o=md5_ff(o,n,m,l,p[g+0],7,-680876936);l=md5_ff(l,o,n,m,p[g+1],12,-389564586);m=md5_ff(m,l,o,n,p[g+2],17,606105819);n=md5_ff(n,m,l,o,p[g+3],22,-1044525330);o=md5_ff(o,n,m,l,p[g+4],7,-176418897);l=md5_ff(l,o,n,m,p[g+5],12,1200080426);m=md5_ff(m,l,o,n,p[g+6],17,-1473231341);n=md5_ff(n,m,l,o,p[g+7],22,-45705983);o=md5_ff(o,n,m,l,p[g+8],7,1770035416);l=md5_ff(l,o,n,m,p[g+9],12,-1958414417);m=md5_ff(m,l,o,n,p[g+10],17,-42063);n=md5_ff(n,m,l,o,p[g+11],22,-1990404162);o=md5_ff(o,n,m,l,p[g+12],7,1804603682);l=md5_ff(l,o,n,m,p[g+13],12,-40341101);m=md5_ff(m,l,o,n,p[g+14],17,-1502002290);n=md5_ff(n,m,l,o,p[g+15],22,1236535329);o=md5_gg(o,n,m,l,p[g+1],5,-165796510);l=md5_gg(l,o,n,m,p[g+6],9,-1069501632);m=md5_gg(m,l,o,n,p[g+11],14,643717713);n=md5_gg(n,m,l,o,p[g+0],20,-373897302);o=md5_gg(o,n,m,l,p[g+5],5,-701558691);l=md5_gg(l,o,n,m,p[g+10],9,38016083);m=md5_gg(m,l,o,n,p[g+15],14,-660478335);n=md5_gg(n,m,l,o,p[g+4],20,-405537848);o=md5_gg(o,n,m,l,p[g+9],5,568446438);l=md5_gg(l,o,n,m,p[g+14],9,-1019803690);m=md5_gg(m,l,o,n,p[g+3],14,-187363961);n=md5_gg(n,m,l,o,p[g+8],20,1163531501);o=md5_gg(o,n,m,l,p[g+13],5,-1444681467);l=md5_gg(l,o,n,m,p[g+2],9,-51403784);m=md5_gg(m,l,o,n,p[g+7],14,1735328473);n=md5_gg(n,m,l,o,p[g+12],20,-1926607734);o=md5_hh(o,n,m,l,p[g+5],4,-378558);l=md5_hh(l,o,n,m,p[g+8],11,-2022574463);m=md5_hh(m,l,o,n,p[g+11],16,1839030562);n=md5_hh(n,m,l,o,p[g+14],23,-35309556);o=md5_hh(o,n,m,l,p[g+1],4,-1530992060);l=md5_hh(l,o,n,m,p[g+4],11,1272893353);m=md5_hh(m,l,o,n,p[g+7],16,-155497632);n=md5_hh(n,m,l,o,p[g+10],23,-1094730640);o=md5_hh(o,n,m,l,p[g+13],4,681279174);l=md5_hh(l,o,n,m,p[g+0],11,-358537222);m=md5_hh(m,l,o,n,p[g+3],16,-722521979);n=md5_hh(n,m,l,o,p[g+6],23,76029189);o=md5_hh(o,n,m,l,p[g+9],4,-640364487);l=md5_hh(l,o,n,m,p[g+12],11,-421815835);m=md5_hh(m,l,o,n,p[g+15],16,530742520);n=md5_hh(n,m,l,o,p[g+2],23,-995338651);o=md5_ii(o,n,m,l,p[g+0],6,-198630844);l=md5_ii(l,o,n,m,p[g+7],10,1126891415);m=md5_ii(m,l,o,n,p[g+14],15,-1416354905);n=md5_ii(n,m,l,o,p[g+5],21,-57434055);o=md5_ii(o,n,m,l,p[g+12],6,1700485571);l=md5_ii(l,o,n,m,p[g+3],10,-1894986606);m=md5_ii(m,l,o,n,p[g+10],15,-1051523);n=md5_ii(n,m,l,o,p[g+1],21,-2054922799);o=md5_ii(o,n,m,l,p[g+8],6,1873313359);l=md5_ii(l,o,n,m,p[g+15],10,-30611744);m=md5_ii(m,l,o,n,p[g+6],15,-1560198380);n=md5_ii(n,m,l,o,p[g+13],21,1309151649);o=md5_ii(o,n,m,l,p[g+4],6,-145523070);l=md5_ii(l,o,n,m,p[g+11],10,-1120210379);m=md5_ii(m,l,o,n,p[g+2],15,718787259);n=md5_ii(n,m,l,o,p[g+9],21,-343485551);o=safe_add(o,j);n=safe_add(n,h);m=safe_add(m,f);l=safe_add(l,e)}return Array(o,n,m,l)}function md5_cmn(h,e,d,c,g,f){return safe_add(bit_rol(safe_add(safe_add(e,h),safe_add(c,f)),g),d)}function md5_ff(g,f,k,j,e,i,h){return md5_cmn((f&k)|((~f)&j),g,f,e,i,h)}function md5_gg(g,f,k,j,e,i,h){return md5_cmn((f&j)|(k&(~j)),g,f,e,i,h)}function md5_hh(g,f,k,j,e,i,h){return md5_cmn(f^k^j,g,f,e,i,h)}function md5_ii(g,f,k,j,e,i,h){return md5_cmn(k^(f|(~j)),g,f,e,i,h)}function safe_add(a,d){var c=(a&65535)+(d&65535);var b=(a>>16)+(d>>16)+(c>>16);return(b<<16)|(c&65535)}function bit_rol(a,b){return(a<<b)|(a>>>(32-b))}; function genNonce(b){var c=[],e="ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789",a=e.length;for(var d=0;d<b;++d){c.push(e[Math.random()*a|0])}return c.join("")}; $(function() { $('#btn').click( function() { HttpDigest("John", 'pass', 'http://localhost:3000', '/', function(d){ console.log(d) } ); } ); }); //function addInfo( key, val ) { $('#data').append( '<tr><td class="H"><b>' + key + '</b>  </td><td>' + val + '</td></tr>' ); } function HttpDigest( USER, TOKEN, URL, URI, callback ) { var nonce, // unique string value specified by the server realm, // authentication realm, defaults to "IsmuserAPI" qop; // list of quality of protection values supported by the server (auth | auth-int); auth set. var cnonce = genNonce( 10 ); // opaque random string value provided by the client var nc = 0; // count of the number of requests (including the current request) that the client has sent with the nonce value /* * Simple tokenization to start with: * * This will turn a WWW-Authenticate header field like: * WWW-Authenticate: Digest realm="your.realm", qop="auth", nonce="dcd98b7102dd2f0e8b11d0f600bfb0c093" * into: * * ['Digest', 'realm="your.realm"', 'qop="auth"', 'nonce="dcd98b7102dd2f0e8b11d0f600bfb0c093"'] */ var ws = '(?:(?:\\r\\n)?[ \\t])+', token = '(?:[\\x21\\x23-\\x27\\x2A\\x2B\\x2D\\x2E\\x30-\\x39\\x3F\\x41-\\x5A\\x5E-\\x7A\\x7C\\x7E]+)', quotedString = '"(?:[\\x00-\\x0B\\x0D-\\x21\\x23-\\x5B\\\\x5D-\\x7F]|'+ws+'|\\\\[\\x00-\\x7F])*"', tokenizer = RegExp(token+'(?:=(?:'+quotedString+'|'+token+'))?', 'g'); // Parse the parameters (check existence and validity) and extract the values. // Note that quoted-string values can be folded, so you need to unfold them with this function function unq(quotedString) { return quotedString.substr(1, quotedString.length-2).replace(/(?:(?:\r\n)?[ \t])+/g, " "); } var method = "GET"; var dType = "JSON"; // 1º ajax call, to get the cnonce (server nonce) var ajaxObj = $.ajax ({ url : URL, type : method, dataType : dType, crossDomain : true, statusCode: { 401: function () { // Read the HTTP authentication header to get the nonce, realm and qop var tokens = ( ajaxObj.getResponseHeader("WWW-Authenticate") // this is nasty, ugly-looking and disgusting but necessary to cheat "the great Safari browser" || ajaxObj.getResponseHeader("Content-Type") ) .match(tokenizer); $.each(tokens, function(index, value) { if (value.match ("WWW-Authenticate")) nonce = unq(value.split('=')[1]); if (value.match ("realm")) realm = unq(value.split('=')[1]); if (value.match ("qop")) qop = unq(value.split('=')[1]); }); /* * HA1 = MD5(USER:REALM:PASS) --> john:your.realm:pass */ var HA1 = hex_md5(USER + ":" + realm + ":" + TOKEN); /* * HA2 = MD5(METHOD:URI)--> GET:your.realm */ var HA2 = hex_md5(method + ":" + URI); /* * response = digest = MD5(HA1 + ":" + NONCE + ":" + NC + ":" + CNONCE + ":" + QOP + ":" + HA2); */ var res = hex_md5(HA1 + ":" + nonce + ":" + nc + ":" + cnonce + ":" + qop + ":" + HA2); /* * Authorization header: * * Authorization: Digest username="John", realm="your.realm", nonce="k7KYbGJOCIw4RAK0IcaUQsYszXwsJGOU", uri="/", cnonce="MDAwODM0", nc=00000001, qop="auth", response="77f88f3f6b4623eedf17af206098ebf8" */ var header = 'Digest username="' + USER + '", realm="' + realm + '", nonce="' + nonce + '", uri="' + URI + '", cnonce="' + cnonce + '", nc="' + nc + '", qop="' + qop + '", response="' + res + '"'; // now we've already built the digest, let's make another request to the server to get the data var request = $.ajax ({ url : URL, type : method, dataType : dType, crossDomain : true, contentType : 'application/json', headers : { "Authorization": header } }) .fail(function ( jqXHR, status, error ) { callback( { status : status, error : error, statusCode : jqXHR.status } ); }) .done(function ( data, status, jqXHR ) { callback( data ); }); } // end 401 status code } // end statusCode }); // end ajaxCall } // end HttpDigest() </script> </head> <body> <center> <p> Http Digest </p> <button id="btn" type="button">Request</button> <table id="data"></table> </center> </body> </html>
App.js
‘App.js’
var express= require('express'), passport = require('passport'), // passportjs DigestStrategy = require('passport-http').DigestStrategy; // http digest // ############################################################################################################# // ---------------- // Environment conf // ---------------- var app = express(); // configure Express app.configure(function() { app.use(express.logger()); app.use(express.methodOverride()); // Initialize Passport! Note: no need to use session middleware when each // request carries authentication credentials, as is the case with HTTP // Digest. app.use(passport.initialize()); app.use(app.router); app.use(express.static( __dirname + '/public' )); }); app.configure( 'development', function () { app.use( express.errorHandler( { dumpExceptions: true, showStack: true } ) ); }); app.configure( 'production', function () { app.use( express.errorHandler() ); } ); // ############################################################################################################# // fake database var users = [ { id: 1, username: 'John', password: 'pass', domain: "http://localhost:2563/", email: '[email protected]' } , { id: 2, username: 'joe', password: 'birthday', domain: "www.domain.com", email: '[email protected]' } ]; // ############################################################################################################# function findByUsername( username, fn ) { for (var i = 0, len = users.length; i < len; i++) { var user = users[i]; if (user.username === username) return fn( null, user ); } return fn(null, null); } // ------------- // Passport conf // ------------- // Use the DigestStrategy within Passport. // This strategy requires a `secret`function, which is used to look up the // use and the user's password known to both the client and server. The // password is used to compute a hash, and authentication will fail if the // computed value does not match that of the request. Also required is a // `validate` function, which can be used to validate nonces and other // authentication parameters contained in the request. passport.use ( new DigestStrategy( { qop: 'auth', realm: 'your.realm' }, function( username, done ) { // Find the user by username. If there is no user with the given username // set the user to `false` to indicate failure. Otherwise, return the // user and user's password. findByUsername( username, function( err, user ) { if ( err ) return done( err ); if ( !user ) return done( null, false ); return done( null, user, user.password ); } ); }, function( params, done ) // second callback { // asynchronous validation, for effect... process.nextTick( function () { // check nonces in params here, if desired console.log( params ); /* nonce: 'MYto1vSuu6eK9PMNNYAqIdsmUXOA2ppU', cnonce: 'MDA4NjY5', nc: '00000001', opaque: undefined } */ return done( null, true ); } ); } )); // ################################################################################# app.all( '/', // Authenticate using HTTP Digest credentials, with session support disabled. passport.authenticate( 'digest', { session: false } ), function( req, res ) { /************************************************/ // CROSS-DOMAIN RESOURCE SHARING res.setHeader( 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*' ); /************************************************/ // domain check if ( req.user.domain.match( req.headers.origin ) ) res.json( { logged: true, username: req.user.username, email: req.user.email } ); } ); app.listen( 3000 );
In digest.js you can specify your authentication realm.
‘digest.js’ (line 74; node_modules/passport-http/lib/passport-http/strategies)
this._realm = options.realm || 'your.realm';
Authenticate.js (node_modules/passport/lib/passport/middleware; line 150).
How can I get the OPTIONS request to send and respond consistently?
In order to allow CORS requests ant to be able to read the info that the server sends, we need to expose the WWW-Authenticate header and the GET and OPTIONS methods.
A special situation happens. Safari for windows does not read theWWW-Authenticate header though exposed. So we have to expose another one.
‘Authenticate.js’
res.statusCode = rstatus || 401; if ( req.method === "OPTIONS" ) res.statusCode = rstatus || 200; if (rchallenge.length) { res.setHeader('WWW-Authenticate', rchallenge); res.setHeader('Content-Type', rchallenge); /**********************************/ /* MODIFIED TO FULFIL DIGEST AUTH */ /**********************************/ res.setHeader('Access-Control-Expose-Headers', 'WWW-Authenticate, Content-Type'); res.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Authorization, Content-Type"); res.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, OPTIONS"); res.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*'); /**********************************/ } res.end('Unauthorized');
